Vegetative Morphology

A. Node and internode (Pilea)

B. Terminal and lateral (axillary) buds (Carya)

C. Modifications

1. Rhizome (Iris, ferns, Sagittaria)
2. Tuber (potato)
3. Corm (Crocus)
4. Stolon (Bermuda grass, strawberry runner)
5. Twining stems (morning glories, Merremia) or tendrils from axillary buds (Passiflora)
6. Phylloclade (Opuntia and other cacti, Phyllanthus, Homocladium, Euphorbia); for this class, comparable to term "cladophyll"
7. Thorn (Crataegus, Robinea)

A. Venation

1. Pinnate (Cornus)
2. Palmate (Acer)
3. Parallel (most monocots)

B. Arrangement

1. Alternate (Prunus)
2. Opposite (Viburnum)
3. Whorled (Asparagus, Dioscorea)
4. Illustrations (Fig. 19 from Lawrence)

C. Composition

1. Simple (Ulmus, Tilia)
2. Compound

a. Trifoliate (Trifolium)
b. Ternate - leaflets with petioles (Clematis)
c. Palmate (Aesculus)
d. Once-pinnately compound

1) Odd (Ailanthus, Rhus)
2) Even (Cassia)

e. Twice-pinnately compound (Gleditsia)
f. Palmate-pinnate or twice-even pinnate? (Mimosa)

3. How to tell if a leaf is compound

a. Position of axillary bud (in axil between stem and petiole)
b. Presence of leaf scars

D. Shape

1. Ovate, obovate
2. Ovate, elliptical
3. Lanceolate, linear
4. Deltoid (Populus)
5. Peltate (Hydrocotyle)
6. Illustrations (Fig. 14 from Lawrence)

E. Apex

1. Acuminate, acute, obtuse
2. Others: aristate, cuspidate, mucronate, caudate, etc. (Fig. 15 from Lawrence)

F. Base

1. Truncate, rounded (or cordate), oblique
2. Others: auriculate, sagittate, hastate, etc. (Fig. 16 from Lawrence)

G. Margin

1. Entire, serrate (diminutive: serrulate), dentate
2. Crenate, doubly-serrate
3. Sinuate (& crenate)
4. Illustrations (Figs. 17 and 18 from Lawrence)

H. Stipules

1. Typical (Salix)
2. Leafy (Chamaecrista)
3. Sheathing (Ixora) or an ochrea (Polygonum)
4. Modified into spines (Acacia)

A. Trichome (hair) types. Many names to describe arrangement, density, etc. (Figs. 20, 21 from Lawrence)

1. Simple (Cannabis)
2. Glandular (Plumbago)
3. Peltate, scales (Elaeagnus - surface view, and removed)
4. Stellate (Quercus)

B. Modifications

1. Stinging (or urticating) hairs (Urtica, Cnidoscolus)
2. Prickles (Rosa)

A. Scales (Arceuthobium)

B. Pitchers (insectivores: Darlingtonia, Sarracenia, Nepenthes)

C. Tendril; whole leaf modified (Vitis, Cissus) or just the petiole (Clematis)

D. Cladophylls -- enlarged petiole (Acacia)

E. Spines

a. Whole leaf (cacti)
b. Portion of leaf (Ilex, Zanthoxylum)